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工单系统 WebSocket 实时消息推送方案

工单系统的核心体验就是「实时」——工单状态变了,所有相关人员必须立刻看到。轮询太慢,SSE 只能单向,WebSocket 是唯一正解。

为什么不用轮询

最简单的方案是定时轮询:每隔 5 秒请求一次接口看看有没有新消息。问题很明显:

  • 90% 的请求是浪费的(没有新消息)
  • 服务器压力大,100 个用户就是每秒 20 次请求
  • 轮询间隔决定了消息延迟,5 秒间隔意味着最多 5 秒延迟

WebSocket 方案设计

连接管理

ts
class WsClient {
  private ws: WebSocket | null = null
  private heartbeatTimer: number | null = null
  private reconnectTimer: number | null = null
  private reconnectCount = 0
  private maxReconnect = 5

  connect(url: string) {
    this.ws = new WebSocket(url)

    this.ws.onopen = () => {
      console.log('[WS] 连接成功')
      this.reconnectCount = 0
      this.startHeartbeat()
    }

    this.ws.onmessage = (e) => {
      const data = JSON.parse(e.data)
      this.handleMessage(data)
    }

    this.ws.onclose = () => {
      this.stopHeartbeat()
      this.tryReconnect(url)
    }

    this.ws.onerror = () => {
      this.ws?.close()
    }
  }

  private startHeartbeat() {
    this.heartbeatTimer = window.setInterval(() => {
      if (this.ws?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        this.ws.send(JSON.stringify({ type: 'ping' }))
      }
    }, 30000)
  }

  private stopHeartbeat() {
    if (this.heartbeatTimer) {
      clearInterval(this.heartbeatTimer)
      this.heartbeatTimer = null
    }
  }

  private tryReconnect(url: string) {
    if (this.reconnectCount >= this.maxReconnect) {
      console.error('[WS] 达到最大重连次数,放弃重连')
      return
    }

    const delay = Math.min(1000 * Math.pow(2, this.reconnectCount), 30000)
    this.reconnectCount++

    this.reconnectTimer = window.setTimeout(() => {
      console.log(`[WS] 第 ${this.reconnectCount} 次重连,延迟 ${delay}ms`)
      this.connect(url)
    }, delay)
  }
}

消息确认机制

WebSocket 不保证消息一定送达,需要应用层确认:

ts
interface WsMessage {
  id: string
  type: string
  payload: any
  timestamp: number
}

// 发送消息
function sendWithAck(client: WsClient, msg: WsMessage) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const timeout = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('消息确认超时')), 5000)

    client.send(JSON.stringify(msg))

    // 等待服务端回 ACK
    client.onAck(msg.id, () => {
      clearTimeout(timeout)
      resolve()
    })
  })
}

离线消息缓存

网络断开期间的消息不能丢,用 IndexedDB 缓存:

ts
class OfflineQueue {
  private db: IDBDatabase | null = null

  async init() {
    const request = indexedDB.open('ws-offline-queue', 1)
    request.onupgradeneeded = (e) => {
      const db = e.target.result
      db.createObjectStore('messages', { keyPath: 'id' })
    }
    this.db = await new Promise((resolve) => {
      request.onsuccess = () => resolve(request.result)
    })
  }

  async enqueue(msg: WsMessage) {
    const tx = this.db!.transaction('messages', 'readwrite')
    tx.objectStore('messages').put(msg)
  }

  async flush(client: WsClient) {
    const tx = this.db!.transaction('messages', 'readwrite')
    const store = tx.objectStore('messages')
    const request = store.getAll()

    request.onsuccess = () => {
      for (const msg of request.result) {
        client.send(JSON.stringify(msg))
        store.delete(msg.id)
      }
    }
  }
}

消息类型设计

工单系统的消息大致分三类:

类型说明处理方式
状态变更工单状态从「待处理」变为「处理中」更新列表 + 弹通知
指派通知新工单指派给你弹通知 + 未读数 +1
评论消息有人在工单下评论了更新评论区 + 弹通知

踩坑记录

  1. 心跳间隔不要太短 — 30 秒足够,太频繁浪费带宽
  2. 断线重连用指数退避 — 避免服务端重启后被大量客户端同时重连打死
  3. 页面不可见时暂停心跳document.visibilitychange 监听,切到后台暂停
  4. WebSocket 连接数限制 — 同域名最多 6 个连接,别每个功能开一个

效果

接入 WebSocket 后,工单状态变更的感知延迟从轮询的 5 秒降到了 200 毫秒以内,用户体验质的飞跃。

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